| Size at withers | 13–23 cm |
|---|---|
| Weight range | 4–15 kg (miniature/standard) |
| Life expectancy | 12–16 years |
| Size class | Toy (< 10 kg) |
| Normal resting vitals | Heart rate 90–140 bpm · Respiration 15–30/min · Temperature 38.3–39.2 °C |
| Coat | Three varieties: smooth, long-haired, and wire-haired |
| Temperament | Bold, curious, tenacious; big-dog attitude in a small body; vocal |
| Common health issues | Intervertebral disc disease (the defining condition of the breed); obesity; patellar luxation; progressive retinal atrophy |
| Exercise needs | Moderate — 30–45 min/day; avoid stair-climbing and jumping |
| Climate & housing suitability | Excellent for apartment living; back care is the single biggest management concern. |
| Owner notes | Do NOT allow jumping off furniture or stair-climbing without a ramp. Weight management is a spinal-health intervention. |
Origin and purpose
Hound (AKC). Origin: Germany.
Do NOT allow jumping off furniture or stair-climbing without a ramp. Weight management is a spinal-health intervention.
What a breed was built to do explains most of what it will do in your home. A dog selected for hundreds of years to run, guard, herd, or hunt does not stop wanting to because it now lives in an apartment — the drive is the breed, and the owner's job is to give it somewhere to go.
Temperament and training
Stated temperament: Bold, curious, tenacious; big-dog attitude in a small body; vocal
Reward-based training from the day the puppy arrives, with the socialisation window (roughly three to sixteen weeks) treated as the priority it is — what happens in those weeks shapes the adult dog more than anything you do later. Short, frequent, positive sessions. See Parts IV and IX.
Conditions this breed is predisposed to
Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
Obesity
Patellar luxation
Progressive retinal atrophy
Health screening — what to test, and when
| Screen for | Test | When |
|---|---|---|
| Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) | DNA test for the chondrodystrophy variant; imaging if signs appear | DNA once; imaging urgently on any back pain or hind-limb weakness |
| Patellar luxation | Patellar palpation by a vet | At each annual examination from 12 months |
| Progressive retinal atrophy | Ophthalmologist eye examination, plus DNA test where one exists for the breed | DNA once; eye examination annually |
Every dog, every breed: an annual health examination (twice yearly from seven years), body-condition scoring at each visit, dental assessment, year-round parasite control, and the core vaccinations.
For breeders — test before you mate
- Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) — DNA test for the chondrodystrophy variant; imaging if signs appear
- Patellar luxation — Patellar palpation by a vet
- Progressive retinal atrophy — Ophthalmologist eye examination, plus DNA test where one exists for the breed
Feeding
Small stomachs, fast metabolisms. Feed a diet formulated for small breeds, split across three or four meals a day as a puppy and two as an adult; toy puppies can become dangerously hypoglycaemic if a meal is missed. Portions are tiny, which means treats and table scraps overwhelm the daily allowance startlingly fast — a single biscuit can be a meaningful share of a 4 kg dog's intake. Dental disease is near-universal in small breeds, so ask your vet about diet texture and dental care from the start.
Exercise and enrichment
Stated requirement: Moderate — 30–45 min/day; avoid stair-climbing and jumping
Moderate daily exercise plus mental stimulation. Adaptable to apartment life provided the daily walk actually happens every day.
Coat and grooming
Three varieties: smooth, long-haired, and wire-haired. Smooth: weekly. Long: brush 3× weekly. Wire: brush weekly plus hand-stripping twice a year.
Climate and living conditions
Stated suitability: Excellent for apartment living; back care is the single biggest management concern.
Ageing and senior care
Life expectancy: 12–16 years. This dog is a senior from around 9–10 years, at which point wellness examinations should move to twice a year and senior blood and urine screening begins. Small dogs age slowly and often live into their mid-teens. Dental disease and heart-valve disease are the two things that most often shorten a small dog's life, and both are catchable early. Senior care →
Before you take one home
- Ask the breeder for the health-test results listed above — for BOTH parents, on paper, before you pay a deposit. A breeder who has done the tests will be proud to show you; one who deflects, or who tells you the tests are unnecessary in this line, is telling you what you need to know.
- Consider adoption. Shelters and rescues have dogs of every kind, including purebreds, and the local native or landrace dog is often healthier, better adapted to its climate, and more in need of a home than almost anything you can buy. See Part XII.
